Originally published 14 May 2018. Editorially updated 13 October 2026. General health information; individual decisions should be made with a qualified clinician.

What is human papillomavirus (HPV)?

HPV is a very common group of viruses, usually passed through intimate skin-to-skin contact. Most infections clear without causing problems, but certain types can cause genital warts and some cancers, including cervical, anal, penile and throat cancers. An HPV diagnosis does not mean a person has cancer.

Who can have the HPV vaccine in the UK?

The original 2018 article described a time when the routine school vaccination programme covered girls only. The NHS now offers HPV vaccination to all children aged 12 to 13. Catch-up eligibility depends on age and birth date. Gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men aged 45 and under attending an appropriate NHS sexual-health or HIV clinic can also be eligible; some other higher-risk groups may be recommended vaccination. Check NHS guidance for your individual eligibility and dose schedule.

Can vaccination or treatment clear HPV?

HPV vaccination helps prevent infection with important HPV types but does not treat an existing infection. There is no routine treatment that directly removes HPV itself. Clinicians can treat problems HPV causes, such as genital warts or abnormal cervical cell changes. Condoms lower but do not remove all HPV transmission risk.

What about cervical screening?

Cervical screening checks for high-risk HPV and helps prevent cervical cancer by identifying people who need follow-up. The programme has changed since 2018. In England, the routine interval was extended in 2025 to five years for eligible people aged 25 to 64 with a negative HPV result, with more frequent follow-up where clinically indicated. New HPV self-sampling options began rolling out in 2026 for some overdue invitees. Vaccination does not replace attending screening when invited.